A revision of some of the Greek novel topics and loci paralleli that we can find in a lost work, known as The Apocryphon of Jannes and Jambres. The author and the date are unknown but 7 –perhaps 8– testimonies from the original text have been preserved thanks to the papyri and parchments. They correspond to different supports and languages.

War and Disease. Between Pericles´s Funeral Oration and the plague of Athens

Antonio CORTIJO

Original title: Guerra y enfermedad. Entre el Discurso fúnebre de Pericles y la plaga de Atenas

Keywords: Athens, Funeral Oration, Plague, Thucydides, War.

Pericles’s Funeral Oration in 431 BC praises Athens’s values (dialogue, citizens’ participation, democracy) against Spartan oligarchy during the Peloponnesian War. Only a few months after the oration was delivered, a terrible plague decimated Athenian democracy and ended Pericles’s life.

Pain generates understanding: Fair War and Crusades

Luiz Augusto Rocha do NASCIMENTO

Original title: A dor gera compreensão: a Guerra Justa e as Cruzadas

Keywords: Christianity, Crusades, Islam, Just War.

The Crusades were no longer a conflict within the history of wars. They were a clash between two worldviews: Christianity and Islam. The beginning of the Crusades, unlike other wars, was based on the principles of just war. This work gave a summary of the origins of just war and Islam. Then he showed that the Church of Rome applies these principles in some cases. One such case was the Crusades.

Disease, Sin and Soul Medicine in the preaching of Saint Anthony (c. 1195-1231)

Gustavo Cambraia FRANCO

Original title: Doença, pecado e medicina da alma na pregação de Santo Antônio (c. 1195-1231)

Keywords: Body, Disease, Medicine, Saint Anthony of Lisbon, Sin.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the ideas of Saint Anthony of Lisbon, a XIIIth century Franciscan preacher, about diseases and their relationship with the medieval doctrine of sin and vices. The theme is exposed from evangelical passages and a series of related biblical accounts, explained by Saint Anthony, which contain references to diseases and physical sickness. His sermons emphasize, through the exegesis of the allegorical and moral senses, that the human body and its five senses are open doors to vices, by which the human soul, and even the body itself, are infected and affected by various physical and spiritual illnesses. So, only the medicine of Christ and of his preachers, the continuous exercise of virtues and penitential practices have the power to heal and regenerate man to its original state of health.

The just war in St. Thomas de Aquinas and its reflections in History

Gilberto Callado de OLIVEIRA

Original title: A guerra justa em Santo Tomás de Aquino e seus reflexos na História

Keywords: Crusades, Just war, Lawfulness of war, Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas.

In the face of current offensive and preventive wars, based on ideological and economic values, Thomist philosophy and theology are very important, not only in considering the fundamentals of just war, but also applying the theory of private wars as a possible key to giving origin of a new international order. Augustine of Hippo was certainly the creator of the doctrine of just defensive war based on Christian principles, but, taken up by Aquinas, it acquired the idea of an offensive holy war, which involves the protection of justice and the honour of God.

The episode of the lepers in Jaufre

Anton Maria ESPADALER

Original title: L’episodi dels leprosos al Romanç de Jaufré

Keywords: Leprosy, Medical Therapy, Occitan Literature, Sexual Disease.

The Occitan Roman of Jaufré offers the most complete description of a human being affected by leprosy in all medieval literature. From its behavior and treatment derives a medical knowledge, absent in pious texts, and it is observed that, while understanding leprosy as a Sexually Transmitted Disease, the author does not make any criticism of it.

A fame et impidemia libera nos, Domine! Mortality Crisis in Medieval Europe A fame et impidemia libera nos, Domine!

Mário Jorge da Motta BASTOS

Original title: A fame et impidemia libera nos, Domine! Crises de Mortalidade na Europa Medieval

Keywords: Medieval History, Middle Ages, Mortality Crisis, Plague.

In this article, we propose to historicize the intense and, why not say, suffered incidence of the successive impacts produced by the mortality crisis in medieval societies of Western Europe – with special emphasis on those arising from epidemics of bubonic plague and famines –, considering particularly the epidemic cycle initiated by the pandemic that, between 1348 and 1352, afflicted three continents, as well as its incidence in the kingdom of Portugal between the 14th and 16th centuries. We intend to consider its main vectors, evolution, motivations and consequences in the context of a civilization that was experiencing the crisis that determined its decline.

Disease, War, Identities in a(nother) TV series on the Borgias

Adéla KOŤÁTKOVÁ

Original title: Malaltia, guerra, identitats en una (altra) sèrie de televisió sobre els Borja

Keywords: Borgia family, Disease, Historical fiction, Identities, War.

When representing the Borgias, a part of the most recent historical fiction tends to avoid the black legend that has accompanied the surname over the centuries. In this article we review the mechanisms through which a television series presents the family as active protagonists of the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern period, as promoters of the Renaissance, not only with regard to artistic and intellectual interests, but also to the evolution of diseases and therapies or in the management of military conflicts. We also check how the creators of the series project their preconceptions on the ethnolinguistic identities of the characters.

Special Issue 2

COVID-19 and Population Genetics: Correlation, Causation and Likelihood (Third and last delivery)

Ángel GÓMEZ MORENO

Articles

Much more than flesh and bones: the body and the relationship with God in the Hebrew Bible

Renan FRIGHETTO, Willibaldo RUPPENTHAL NETO

Original title: Muito mais que carne e ossos: o corpo e a relação com Deus na Bíblia Hebraica

Keywords: Body, God, Hebrew Bible, Soul.

This paper aims to analyze how the Hebrew Bible presents the human body, studying the biblical texts with particular attention to important terms for Jewish anthropology, like bāsār, usually translated as “body”, and nefesh, normally translated as “soul”, in order to highlight their particularity. This study intends to present not only the valuation of the body in the Hebrew Bible, but also its importance in the relationship between man and God according to the biblical perspective.

The Christian itinerary according to Evagrius Ponticus: the reach of its exegetical projections on the Holy Scriptures in general, and on the book of Ecclesiastes in particular

Santiago Hernán VÁZQUEZ, Ana Laura QUIROGA

Original title: El itinerario cristiano según Evagrio Póntico: sus proyecciones exegéticas en la Sagrada Escritura en general y en el libro del Eclesiastés en particular

Keywords: Ecclesiastes, Evagrius Ponticus, Exegesis, Natural Contemplation.

In the context of current studies on the thought of Evagrius Ponticus we are interested in deepening the exegetical projections that –following a well– identified classical–Christian tradition– possesses the evagrian conception of Christianity as an itinerary of salvation. These projections extend to Sacred Scripture in general and, in a way, to the book of Ecclesiastes. Thus, after developing the sense of the evagrian itinerary and its general exegetical projections, our work will focus on the evagrian commentary entitled “Scholia on Ecclesiastes” and its place within the framework of the thought of the philosopher of Ponto. This work has been little studied but it constitutes a unique exegetical piece within the evagrian corpus. Through this work we access a deeper understanding of what Evagrius wanted to designate with the concept of “natural contemplation”. In this sense, deepening this work allows –in our view– a renewed understanding of the spiritual itinerary that constitutes, for Evagrius, the essence of Christianity. Similarly, Scholia on Ecclesiastes allow us to understand more fully the particularities of the exegetical evagrian method.

The Hagiographical Relations between Byzantium and the West during the Middle Byzantine Period

Spyros P. PANAGOPOULOS

Original title: Las relaciones hagiográficas entre Bizancio y Occidente durante el período bizantino medio

Keywords: Byzantium, Hagiography, Middle Byzantine Period, Pilgrimage-relics, West.

In the present study a special reference is made to the hagiographical relations between Byzantium and the West. The first part is dedicated to the “communication” of Byzantium with the West, on the role played by the Lives of Byzantine Saints, the transfer and honor of their relics and pilgrimages. The phenomenon developed after the 4th century, when an attempt was made to create a liturgical and worship communication between the two Churches and the Roman Martyrologium was formed in the West. The second part is dedicated to the “communication” of the West in Byzantium through the honor of the western Saints. In the next paragraph, we talk about "communication" through the holy relics of the Saints, and it is found that the phenomenon mainly concerned Saints of the East. The paper closes with some introductory notes on translators’ translation options and techniques.