Jerusalem has to be free and God has to be loved: Bernard of Clairvaux between Second Crusade and Cistercian Mystic
Matteo RASCHIETTI
Original title: Jerusalém há de ser liberada e Deus há de ser amado: Bernardo de Claraval entre a Segunda Cruzada e a Mística Cisterciense
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Love to God, Mystic, Second Crusade.
The XIIth century has been one of the most lively, turbulent and creative time of Middle Age. The reformation of the church, begun on first half of the XIth century, reaches its result, most of all in monastic sphere. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a great action man, incarnating the religious spirit of his epoch, and one of the founders of medieval mystic too. Preacher of the Second Crusade, which failed, wrote on De diligendo Deo the syntheses of his mystic experience that is also a summa of monastic experience as a whole.
The Second Crusade and his failure in De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam of Bernard of Clairvaux
Aurelio PASTORI RAMOS
Original title: La Segunda Cruzada y su fracaso en De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam de Bernardo de Claraval
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Crusade, Cîteaux, Eugene III.
Regarding the history of the Crusades, the abbot of Clairvaux is often cited as the preacher of the second Crusade. Less studied however is the analysis of the reasons of the failure of this Crusade, written by himself.
The chivalrous ideal of Saint Bernard in The Holy Grail Demand
Ademir Luiz da SILVA
Original title: O ideal cavaleiresco de São Bernardo em A Demanda do Santo Graal
Published in Relations between History and Literature in Ancient and Medieval World
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Knight Templar Order, Medieval Literature, Middle Ages, The Holy Grail Demand.
The Knight Templar Order was established in Palestine, between 1118 and 1119, after the Christian victory on the First Great Crusades, aiming to protect the palmeiros visitors at the Holy Sites. By fits and starts the former warrior monks reached fame and under Bernardo de Claraval intellectual tutorage the Templar was soon spread throughout Europe. The demand, the quest symbol, replaced the crusade sentiment. The literary meaning of these standards, including the joaquimita millenarian strong influence, can be found in Portuguese version of the French feat novel The Holy Grail Demand.
The concept of contemplation in medieval monastic education: reflections on Bernard of Clairvaux
Terezinha OLIVEIRA, Rita de Cássia PIZOLI
Original title: O conceito de contemplação na educação monástica medieval: reflexões sobre Bernardo de Claraval
Published in Monastic and Scholastic Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Keywords: Bernard of Clairvaux, Cistercians, Monastic Education.
This article reflects on the thought of Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) in order to understand the dynamics of the Cistercian monastic education and its influence in the educational process in century XII. In light of social history, the first part presents some aspects of the social structures of medieval christian west, relating the broader context with the Cistercian monastic reform proposal that forwarded the Church for an important moment against the temporal power, with Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). Bernardo of Clairvaux became a part key of the church reform that was in course, from the gregorian reform and has in contact with all the importants points of the conflicts politicians of its time. Its letters and its writhings disclose the dynamics between action and contemplation that if became its life and, by means of them, we can perceive the influence in the direction of the society, that if wants guided in the values of the authenticity of the love, conscience of itself, taste for the pureness spiritual and the affirmation of the dignity of the man as image and similarity of God. This vision Christian humanist and the valuation of the knowledge as conscience of itself, were the basis for the mystical movement developed by the Cistercians. Finally, the text presents reflections on the Sermon on the Vigil of Christmas to explain the devotion to the humanity of Jesus as one of the theological basis for learning the route of ascent to contemplation, as understood by the monks developed psychic ability to achieve affection and unity between reason.
