Love of God or Hatred of Your Enemy? The Emotional Voices of the Crusades
Sophia MENACHE
Original title: O amor de Deus ou o ódio ao seu inimigo? As vozes emocionais das Cruzadas
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Crusades, Emotions, Moslems, Papacy.
The present paper attempts to investigate three cornerstones of the history of the early crusades from a wider range of emotions while focusing on [1] the call to the crusade and the conquest of Jerusalem, [2] the fall of Edessa and, subsequently, the Second Crusade and its outcomes, and [3] the Christian defeat at the Horns of Hattin. Less than a century before the crusades, different groups in Christian society had been the target of the same pejorative emotions that were later used to denounce and reproach the Moslems. These terms should therefore be seen and analyzed, not to produce a superficial moral reading of the vilification of the Moslems, but as an essential part of the thesaurus in which Christian society analyzed itself. In fact, the use of the same Augustinian emotional index transforms negative attitudes toward the Moslems into an act of inverted inclusion of the Moslems within the Christian sphere; in other words, using illusionary inclusion in order to exclude. This inverted inclusion means that within its inner discourse, Christian society defeated the Moslems symbolically, independently of the real outcome on the battlefield. The transformation of the crusaders from esterners into Easterners in Fulcher’s eschatology (note 45) is a conscious practice of erasing the “other” by expropriating its identity. This was not, however, an act of including the Easterner into the crusaders’ weltanschauung, but a symbolic denial that further served to exclude the Easterners altogether.
Pain generates understanding: Fair War and Crusades
Luiz Augusto Rocha do NASCIMENTO
Original title: A dor gera compreensão: a Guerra Justa e as Cruzadas
Published in War and Disease in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
Keywords: Christianity, Crusades, Islam, Just War.
The Crusades were no longer a conflict within the history of wars. They were a clash between two worldviews: Christianity and Islam. The beginning of the Crusades, unlike other wars, was based on the principles of just war. This work gave a summary of the origins of just war and Islam. Then he showed that the Church of Rome applies these principles in some cases. One such case was the Crusades.
Pilgrimage Processions, Religious Sensibilities and Piety in the City of Acre in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
Shlomo LOTAN
Published in
Keywords: Acre, Crusades, Hospitallers, Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Military Orders, Pilgrimage, Templars, Teutonic Order.
After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, Acre became the formal capital of the Crusader Kingdom. During the 13th century, it became a pilgrimage site for many Christian pilgrims, who enriched the city with their religious ceremonies. Such as a procession called the Pardon d'Acre, which contributed greatly to our understanding of the religious places and military compounds in Frankish Acre. In this essay, I link the religious ceremonies that took place in Acre with the passages among the locations mentioned therein. All these contributed to the revival of the historical and religious space in medieval Acre.
Querimonia desolacionis terre sancte – The fall of Acre and the Holy Land in 1291 as an emotional element in the Tradition of Teutonic Order
Shlomo LOTAN
Original title: Querimonia desolacionis terre sancte – A perda de Acre e da Terra Santa em 1291 como um elemento emocional para a tradição da Ordem Teutônica
Published in Emotions in the Ancient and Medieval Mediterranean World
Keywords: Crusades, Fall of Acre 1291, Holy Land, Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Teutonic Order.
The fall of Acre to the Muslim forces in 1291 was one of the devastated events in the history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. The fall of main Crusader city in fact the capitol of the Latin Kingdom, was the last military episode in long history of the Crusader resistance in the Holy Land. The fall of Acre had a decisive influence on the Christian population, the Church and the nobility throughout Europe. It created also a forceful impact on the Military Orders, affecting their capability and strength. This article will focus on one of the main Military Orders in the Holy Land - the Teutonic Order, and on the manner in which the fall of the Holy Land had influenced the empowering of its tradition. Major chronicles of the Teutonic Order, written in the first half of the fourteenth century by its brethren Peter von Dusburg and Nicolaus von Jeroschin show it clearly. This critical event in which the Teutonic Knights also participated is treated as a central event. Despite the time that elapsed from the fall of the Latin Kingdom and the long distance from the Teutonic fighting in the Baltic region, this crucial event in the Holy Land had become a symbol destined as a lament (Klage in German). This lament represented an emotional and sense of pain caused by the great loss the suffering associated with the fall of the Holy Land. This article will further accentuate the assertion that even among the members of the Teutonic Order within the borders of Christianity in the Baltic region, well separated from Christian activity in the Mediterranean basin, the fall of the Holy Land had been fundamental. It had dominated the emotional state in the Teutonic order, affecting its evolving traditions. In had become the means throughwhich the Teutonic Order had expressed solidarity with the pain caused by the loss of the Holy Land, the place where their traditions began and was further shaped their medieval heritage.
The just war in St. Thomas de Aquinas and its reflections in History
Gilberto Callado de OLIVEIRA
Original title: A guerra justa em Santo Tomás de Aquino e seus reflexos na História
Published in War and Disease in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
Keywords: Crusades, Just war, Lawfulness of war, Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas.
In the face of current offensive and preventive wars, based on ideological and economic values, Thomist philosophy and theology are very important, not only in considering the fundamentals of just war, but also applying the theory of private wars as a possible key to giving origin of a new international order. Augustine of Hippo was certainly the creator of the doctrine of just defensive war based on Christian principles, but, taken up by Aquinas, it acquired the idea of an offensive holy war, which involves the protection of justice and the honour of God.
The thought of Thomas Aquinas about military life, just war and military orders of chivalry
Ricardo da COSTA and Armando Alexandre dos SANTOS
Original title: O pensamento de Santo Tomás de Aquino (1225-1274) sobre a vida militar, a guerra justa e as ordens militares de cavalaria
Published in The Middle Ages and the Crusades
Keywords: Crusades, Military life, Religious life, chivalry.
The article briefly presents the thought of Thomas Aquinas about the legitimacy of military life and the concept of just war, and its theological justification in the context of the Crusades, to the military orders. For that, initially uses the Biblical foundation. The following briefly lists some of the saints of the Church, to discuss the thought of Aquinas about the subject.
