-Index-

By Way of Introduction: The Emotional Domain in History

Ricardo da COSTA and Enric MALLORQUÍ-RUSCALLEDA

Original title: À guisa de introdução: as Emoções na História

Special Issue

The Emotions on the Barcelona Streets of the Fifteenth Century

Cláudia Costa BROCHADO

Original title: As emoções nas ruas barcelonesas do século XV

Keywords: Barcelona, Emotions, Fifteenth century, Marriage.

The relationships between the citizens of fifteenth century Barcelona were often turbulent, especially between couples. The conflicts that occurred sometimes resulted in legal proceedings. The statements submitted for these cases were a visible expression of the emotions and conflicts involved. This article presents some of these legal proceedings through partial transcriptions, with the aim of getting as close as possible to the feelings and emotions of the people of Barcelona at the end f the Middle Ages.

Love in the Time of Demons: Thirteenth-Century Approaches to the Capacity for Love in Fallen Angels

Juanita FEROS RUYS

Original title: O amor em tempos demoníacos: diferentes abordagens no século XIII para a capacidade de amar dos anjos caídos

Keywords: Demons, Free will, Friendship, Natural love, lust.

Demons in the Middle Ages were primarily known as creatures that could feel only envy, anger, and malicious glee. But there remained an undercurrent in both scholastic thought and monastic tales that also understood demons as creatures once capable−and perhaps still so−of love. This paper examines the capacity for love and friendship attributed to demons in the thirteenth century. It shows how love could be seen as the motivating emotion in their original fall from Heaven, and explores the role love is subsequently thought to have played in both their relationships with each other and their amatory and sexual relationships with humans.

Querimonia desolacionis terre sancte – The fall of Acre and the Holy Land in 1291 as an emotional element in the Tradition of Teutonic Order

Shlomo LOTAN

Original title: Querimonia desolacionis terre sancte – A perda de Acre e da Terra Santa em 1291 como um elemento emocional para a tradição da Ordem Teutônica

Keywords: Crusades, Fall of Acre 1291, Holy Land, Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Teutonic Order.

The fall of Acre to the Muslim forces in 1291 was one of the devastated events in the history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. The fall of main Crusader city in fact the capitol of the Latin Kingdom, was the last military episode in long history of the Crusader resistance in the Holy Land. The fall of Acre had a decisive influence on the Christian population, the Church and the nobility throughout Europe. It created also a forceful impact on the Military Orders, affecting their capability and strength. This article will focus on one of the main Military Orders in the Holy Land - the Teutonic Order, and on the manner in which the fall of the Holy Land had influenced the empowering of its tradition. Major chronicles of the Teutonic Order, written in the first half of the fourteenth century by its brethren Peter von Dusburg and Nicolaus von Jeroschin show it clearly. This critical event in which the Teutonic Knights also participated is treated as a central event. Despite the time that elapsed from the fall of the Latin Kingdom and the long distance from the Teutonic fighting in the Baltic region, this crucial event in the Holy Land had become a symbol destined as a lament (Klage in German). This lament represented an emotional and sense of pain caused by the great loss the suffering associated with the fall of the Holy Land. This article will further accentuate the assertion that even among the members of the Teutonic Order within the borders of Christianity in the Baltic region, well separated from Christian activity in the Mediterranean basin, the fall of the Holy Land had been fundamental. It had dominated the emotional state in the Teutonic order, affecting its evolving traditions. In had become the means throughwhich the Teutonic Order had expressed solidarity with the pain caused by the loss of the Holy Land, the place where their traditions began and was further shaped their medieval heritage.

Between silence and screams. The emotional manifestations as a support of historical discourse during the reign of John II of Castile

Flora RAMIRES

Original title: Entre el silencio y el grito. Las manifestaciones emocionales como soporte del discurso historiográfico durante el reinado de Juan II de Castilla

Keywords: Anger, Emotion, John II of Castile, Politics, Tears.

The emotions of the king John II of Castile (1407-1454), from the official chronicle of the kingdom, the Alvar García de Santa María. We emphasize the importance of emotions in the reign of the king as a political practice. By examining the forms of reactions and emotions that were transmitted and appeared in the historiography of the episode of the hit of Tordesilas be distinguished the words and actions that affirm the power of the king and the power of the emotions of the king. Therefore, we will focus on the silences of the king and the forms of anger.

Emotion as Search for Wisdom in Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz’s (1651- 1695): El primer sueño

Lydia H. RODRÍGUEZ

Original title: La emoción como búsqueda de la sabiduría en El Primero Sueño de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695)

Keywords: Dualism, Freedom, Intellectual search, Sor Juana, soul.

The following article analyzes emotion as a human intellectual quest; this search can be considered a positive emotion. As Plato once said the use of logic and reason to channel our emotions makes something constructive that leads to the truth. This human need of emotion to seek human understanding is presented in Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz expresses her imagination, creativity and genius through her extraordinary verses in the poem Primero Sueño. In this masterpiece of baroque literature, Sor Juana’s intellectual power as a writer, her deep curiosity and especially her pursuit of wisdom is displayed. Under a truly complex surface, there is a current of emotional distress. In the poem, the reader can appreciate Sor Juana’s internal struggle and the sense of desolation that she experiences. This suffering is evident and manifests itself in a constant tension between several contradictory elements in the poem. Finally, Sor Juana attempts to capture the human experience and achieve a complete understanding of the universe in Primero Sueño. She attempts this through her emotional view of the world in which she lives and interprets.

Redemption Theology in Mystical Convent Drama: “The Already and the Not Yet” in Hildegard of Bingen’s Ordo virtutum and Marcela de San Félix’s Breve festejo

Alisa J. TIGCHELAAR

Original title: A Teologia da Redenção no Drama do Mosteiro Místico: “O já e o ainda não” no Ordo virtutum de Hildegarda de Bingen e no Breve Festejo de Marcela de San Félix

Keywords: Convent, Hildegard of Bingen, Marcela de San Felix, Mysticism, Redemption theology.

This study most centrally explores the distinctly corporeal divinity that is revealed through mystical paradigms in two plays by female religious: Hildegard of Bingen’s (1098-1179) Ordo virtutum and a play convincingly attributed to Marcela de san Félix (1605-87), Breve festejo que se hizo para nuestra Madre priora y a alegrar la comunidad la noce de los reyes deste año 1653. It highlights and analyzes the fact that, in both plays, various triadic relationships point to the essential presence of the second person of the Trinity in the mystical Godhead. The central argument is that a particularly Christocentric mystical divinity has theological connotations which bear investigation against the general problematization of the corporeal element in the mystical relational and theological economy through the seventeenth century. The paper articulates why a particularly human mystical divinity might have been undervalued in the Christian practice of mysticism from Medieval times onward, and exegetes why the bias toward transcendence over immanence in mysticism might even be regarded as theologically incomplete in the light of (Catholic) Christian redemption theology. It ends by showing how the “already and not yet” is alluded to in both plays, and draws some relevant theological conclusions which stand in answer to the transcendent deity usually privileged in mysticism, hearkening to other works by both Bingen and san Félix to substantiate the theology which can arguably be attributed to them. Along the way, relevant aspects of different understandings of emotions–among them the concept of the humors, the Aristotelian understanding of the relationship between the (Christian) virtues and the emotional realm, and the central role of eros in the mystical practice and the theological implications of the same–will be raised, according to the theme of this particular volume.

Epicurus and his Invitation to Wisdom

Ramon TORNÉ I TEIXIDÓ

Original title: Epicur i la seva invitació a la Saviesa

Keywords: Catalan translation, Epicurus, Letter to Meneceus, soul, wisdom.

The author presents the Letter to Meneceus underlining its human aspects, as being first of all an invitation to a thoughtful and calm life, the way of life to understand more and more which is the meaning of life itself. In a second part of its article a translation into Catalan of this letter is provided.

Some remarks on Plato on emotions

Robert ZABOROWSKI

Original title: Algunas observaciones de Platón a respecto de las emociones

Keywords: Desiring linkage, Emotions, Feeling, Plato, Stratification of affectivity, Thinking.

A paper is an attempt at reassessing the role of emotions in Plato’s dialogues cannot be assessed. A standard view identifying (or translating or interpreting) to logistikon with (as) reason, to thumoeides with (as) the irascible and to epithumetikon with (as) the concupiscent is challenged so far as each of the three parts possesses emotions (affectivity) of its own. The opinion that Plato is responsible for the negative view of emotion is rejected. Plato’s views on emotions are understood more accurately understood from a hierarchical perspective, i.e. when three parts of the soul are analyzed as three strata of the feeling–thinking–desiring linkages.

Articles

Models of Warfare in the Chronicle of D. Duarte de Meneses − Text, Context and Representation

André Luiz BERTOLI

Original title: Modelos de ação bélica na Crônica de D. Duarte de Meneses − Texto, Contexto e Representação

Keywords: Chronicle, Models of warlike action, North Africa, Portugal, War.

In this paper I shall present some preliminary research on the Crônica do Conde D. Duarte de Meneses, wrote by Gomes Eanes de Zurara between 1464 and1468. I will make a closer study of several chapters in the chronicle, especially chapter 44 (Riiij) and chapter 154 (CLiiij), which expound the warrior values and Christian virtues that defined the chivalric profiles of the Lusitanian nobility. The chapters selected retell exemplary deeds through which Zurara highlighted among many other types of warlike attitudes that were part of the whole relationship of medieval man to war: the obedience to the captain versus the execution of chivalric prowess. In this chronicle Gomes Eanes de Zurara tried to define an ideal of chivalry adapted to the needs of the Portuguese expansion in North Africa during the fifteenth century, which, in turn, would serve as a model for all the Portuguese warrior nobility in Africa.

Sor Juana and Proba: A Model of Translation

Antonio CORTIJO OCAÑA

Original title: Sor Juana y Proba. Un modelo de translatio

Keywords: Christianity, Faltona Betitia Proba, Feminism, Paganism, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz.

The female Roman writer Betitia Proba wrote several works in which she tried to provide a cultural bridge between Pagan and Christian letters. For it, she received the criticism of Saint Jerome, among others. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, a Mexican nun and writer used the example of Proba in many of her writings. This article contends that Sor Juana claimed a second Proba in the Mexican literary milieu of the 17th century in order to defend her rights as a female intellectual.

The Glassmaking Business in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula

Eduardo JUÁREZ VALERO

Original title: El negocio del vidrio en la Península Ibérica medieval

Keywords: Glass, Glassmaking monopoly, Guilds, Protection of the secret knowledge, Trading.

Secret was the essence of the knowledge in the world of the glassmaking during the Middle and Modern Ages. As the glassmakers were protecting their secret knowledge, they were creating special types of guilds associated to a special legal environments. In Spain the most important example was the environment of the glassmakers’ guild of Barcelona and the Castilian way, especially in Cadalso de los Vidrios. This article studies the evolution of those legal environments and their influence in the Spanish glass monopoly.

Some Thoughts on the Sphinx’s Symbolism

Cristóbal MACÍAS VILLALOBOS

Original title: Algunas consideraciones sobre el simbolismo de la Esfinge

Keywords: Femme Fatale, Oedipus, Riddle of the Sphinx, Sphinx, Symbolism.

The Greek Sphinx, probably of Egyptian origin, was known in Antiquity not only as a funeral spirit and guardian of tombs, but especially as that creature who dares to ask Oedipus a question about the nature of human identity. This dialectic encounter between hero and beast has been interpreted in many different ways, giving rise to a rich symbolic tradition that extends almost to the present day. This paper presents some key moments of this tradition in both literature and art.

Eiximenis, Alfonso IV, Peter I of Portugal and his Vassals

Xavier RENEDO I PUIG

Original title: Eiximenis, Alfonso IV, Pedro I de Portugal y sus vasallos

Keywords: Alphonse IV of Portugal, Cardinal virtues, Dotzè del Crestià, Pacts, Peter I of Portugal.

In the vast encyclopedia of Crestià Dotze policy, completed in early part of the year in 1387, the Franciscan Catalan Francesc Eiximenis devoted a chapter to discuss this cardinal virtue, since the principles of the doctrine pacts, during the civil war in the year 1355 between Alfonso IV, king of Portugal, with his son, the Infante, Don Pedro. Led by Eiximenis this episode becomes an example of historical highlights, along with other similar examples, according to the doctrine defended in Dotze Pactista, the role the cardinal virtue of fortitude plays in defense of the common good against the errors and injustices of tyrants.

The Virgin of the Annunciation: A Paradigm of Humility in Medieval Doctrine and Imagery

José María SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ

Original title: La Virgen de la Anunciación, un paradigma de humildad en la doctrina y la imagen de la Edad Media

Keywords: Annunciation, Humility, Iconography, Medieval Art, Patrology.

In recounting the event of the Annunciation, the Gospel of Luke describes the sublime lesson of humility given by the Virgin Mary by proclaiming herself the Lord’s slave while she received the announcement of her election as Mother of God. Such a moral stance soon became an outstanding example of modesty and obedience for all Christians, as it was showed by many Church Fathers, theologians and religious thinkers throughout the centuries. Our paper aims to highlight that this significant lesson of humility and submission by the Virgin, reported by the Gospel and frequently interpreted in patristics and theological sources, often reflected also in art works, as we try to put evident through the analysis of twelve medieval paintings.